🕋 تفسير سورة غافر
(Ghafir) • المصدر: EN-AL-JALALAYN
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ حم
📘 Hā mīm God knows best what He means by these letters.
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُنَادَوْنَ لَمَقْتُ اللَّهِ أَكْبَرُ مِنْ مَقْتِكُمْ أَنْفُسَكُمْ إِذْ تُدْعَوْنَ إِلَى الْإِيمَانِ فَتَكْفُرُونَ
📘 Indeed to those who disbelieve it will be proclaimed to them from the part of the angels as they disbelievers enter the Fire in utter loathing of themselves ‘Surely God’s loathing of you is greater than your loathing of yourselves as you were called during life in this world to faith but you used to disbelieve’.
قَالُوا رَبَّنَا أَمَتَّنَا اثْنَتَيْنِ وَأَحْيَيْتَنَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَاعْتَرَفْنَا بِذُنُوبِنَا فَهَلْ إِلَىٰ خُرُوجٍ مِنْ سَبِيلٍ
📘 They will say ‘Our Lord You have caused us to die twice two deaths and You have given us life twice — for they were lifeless drops of semen then they were given life then made to die then brought back to life for the Resurrection. We now confess our sins in having disbelieved in the Resurrection. Is there then any way to go out?’ out of the Fire and return to the world to be obedient to our Lord? The answer given to them will be No!
ذَٰلِكُمْ بِأَنَّهُ إِذَا دُعِيَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ كَفَرْتُمْ ۖ وَإِنْ يُشْرَكْ بِهِ تُؤْمِنُوا ۚ فَالْحُكْمُ لِلَّهِ الْعَلِيِّ الْكَبِيرِ
📘 That namely the chastisement which you find yourselves in is because during the life of this world when God was invoked alone you would disbelieve in His Oneness; but if partners were ascribed to Him you would believe you would accept such idolatry. So the judgement to chastise you belongs to God the Exalted above His creation the Great the Tremendous.
هُوَ الَّذِي يُرِيكُمْ آيَاتِهِ وَيُنَزِّلُ لَكُمْ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ رِزْقًا ۚ وَمَا يَتَذَكَّرُ إِلَّا مَنْ يُنِيبُ
📘 He it is Who shows you His signs the proofs of His Oneness and sends down from the heaven for you provision by way of rain. Yet no one remembers no one is admonished except him who returns penitently who recants idolatry.
فَادْعُوا اللَّهَ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الْكَافِرُونَ
📘 So supplicate God worship Him devoting your religion purely to Him free from any idolatry however much the disbelievers be averse to its being free of such idolatry.
رَفِيعُ الدَّرَجَاتِ ذُو الْعَرْشِ يُلْقِي الرُّوحَ مِنْ أَمْرِهِ عَلَىٰ مَنْ يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ لِيُنْذِرَ يَوْمَ التَّلَاقِ
📘 Exalter of ranks either means that God is One Whose attributes are majestic — or it means the raiser of the ranks of believers in Paradise — Lord of the Throne in other words the Creator thereof He casts the Spirit the Revelation of His command that is of His words upon whomever He will of His servants that he the one upon whom it is cast may warn them of that he may make people fear the Day of Encounter read yawma’l-talāqi omitting the final long yā’ or yawma’l-talāqī that is to say the Day of Resurrection so called because thereat the inhabitants of the heavens will encounter those of the earth and the worshipper will encounter the one whom he worshipped and the wrongdoer will encounter the person whom he wronged;
يَوْمَ هُمْ بَارِزُونَ ۖ لَا يَخْفَىٰ عَلَى اللَّهِ مِنْهُمْ شَيْءٌ ۚ لِمَنِ الْمُلْكُ الْيَوْمَ ۖ لِلَّهِ الْوَاحِدِ الْقَهَّارِ
📘 the day when they will emerge the day they will exit from their graves; nothing about them will be hidden from God. ‘To whom does Sovereignty belong today?’ — God exalted be He asks this and Himself responds — ‘To God the One the All-compelling!’ over His creatures.
الْيَوْمَ تُجْزَىٰ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ ۚ لَا ظُلْمَ الْيَوْمَ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ سَرِيعُ الْحِسَابِ
📘 Today every soul shall be requited for what it has earned; there will be no injustice today. Indeed God is swift at reckoning’ reckoning with all of creation in the space of half a day of the days of this world — a hadīth states this.
وَأَنْذِرْهُمْ يَوْمَ الْآزِفَةِ إِذِ الْقُلُوبُ لَدَى الْحَنَاجِرِ كَاظِمِينَ ۚ مَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ حَمِيمٍ وَلَا شَفِيعٍ يُطَاعُ
📘 And warn them of the Impending Day namely the Day of Resurrection al-azifa as in azifa al-rahīlu ‘departure is very near’ when the hearts will rising up in fear reach the throats choking with anguish filled with suppressed anxiety kāzimīna is a circumstantial qualifier referring to al-qulūbu ‘the hearts’ which is qualified by the active animate participle plural kāzimīna and referred to as though they were the very individuals themselves. The evildoers will not have any intimate friend any sympathiser nor any intercessor who might be heeded — the adjectival qualification ‘who might be heeded’ has no literal significance for they do not have intercessors in the first place So now we have no intercessors … Q. 26100. The first part however may be said to have significance if understand on the basis of their claim to have intercessors and so in other words even if — hypothetically speaking — they their intercessors did intercede for them they would not be heeded.
يَعْلَمُ خَائِنَةَ الْأَعْيُنِ وَمَا تُخْفِي الصُّدُورُ
📘 He namely God knows the treachery of the eyes when it steals a glance at what is prohibited for it to look at and what the breasts hide — what the hearts hide.
تَنْزِيلُ الْكِتَابِ مِنَ اللَّهِ الْعَزِيزِ الْعَلِيمِ
📘 The revelation of the Book the Qur’ān tanzīlu’l-kitābi is the subject is from God mina’Llāhi is its predicate the Mighty in His kingdom the Knower of His creatures.
وَاللَّهُ يَقْضِي بِالْحَقِّ ۖ وَالَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ لَا يَقْضُونَ بِشَيْءٍ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ
📘 And God decrees with truth while those on whom they call whom they worship that is the disbelievers of Mecca read yad‘ūna ‘they call’ or tad‘ūna ‘you call’ besides Him — and these are the idols — do not decree by any means at all so how can they be God’s associates? Truly God is the Hearer of their sayings the Seer of their actions.
۞ أَوَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ ۚ كَانُوا هُمْ أَشَدَّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَآثَارًا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ وَمَا كَانَ لَهُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ مِنْ وَاقٍ
📘 Have they not travelled in the land and beheld the nature of the consequence for those who were before them? They were more powerful than them a variant reading has minkum ‘than yourselves’ in strength and in their vestiges on earth in the way of large structures and palaces. Yet God seized them He destroyed them for their sins and they had none to shield them from God from His chastisement.
ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ كَانَتْ تَأْتِيهِمْ رُسُلُهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ فَكَفَرُوا فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ ۚ إِنَّهُ قَوِيٌّ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ
📘 That was because their messengers used to bring them clear signs manifest miracles but they disbelieved. So God seized them. Indeed He is Strong Severe in punishment.
وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا مُوسَىٰ بِآيَاتِنَا وَسُلْطَانٍ مُبِينٍ
📘 And verily We sent Moses with Our signs and a clear warrant an evident and manifest proof
إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ وَهَامَانَ وَقَارُونَ فَقَالُوا سَاحِرٌ كَذَّابٌ
📘 to Pharaoh and Hāmān and Korah but they said — that he was — ‘A sorcerer a mere liar!’
فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُمْ بِالْحَقِّ مِنْ عِنْدِنَا قَالُوا اقْتُلُوا أَبْنَاءَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَعَهُ وَاسْتَحْيُوا نِسَاءَهُمْ ۚ وَمَا كَيْدُ الْكَافِرِينَ إِلَّا فِي ضَلَالٍ
📘 So when he brought them the truth from Us they said ‘Slay the sons of those who believe with him and spare keep alive their women’. But the guile of the disbelievers is ever in error in perdition.
وَقَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ ذَرُونِي أَقْتُلْ مُوسَىٰ وَلْيَدْعُ رَبَّهُ ۖ إِنِّي أَخَافُ أَنْ يُبَدِّلَ دِينَكُمْ أَوْ أَنْ يُظْهِرَ فِي الْأَرْضِ الْفَسَادَ
📘 And Pharaoh said ‘Let me slay Moses — for they used to restrain him from slaying him — and let him call to his Lord to defend him against me. Indeed I fear that he may change your religion involving your worship of me so that you will then follow him in his religion or that he may cause corruption to appear in the land’ by initiating killing and otherwise a variant reading for wa-an ‘and that’ is aw-an ‘or that’; a variant reading for an yuzhira fī’l-ardi’l-fasāda is the impersonal construction an yazhara fī’l-ardi’l-fasādu ‘that corruption may appear in the land’.
وَقَالَ مُوسَىٰ إِنِّي عُذْتُ بِرَبِّي وَرَبِّكُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ مُتَكَبِّرٍ لَا يُؤْمِنُ بِيَوْمِ الْحِسَابِ
📘 And Moses said to his people after he had heard that saying of Pharaoh ‘Indeed I seek refuge in my Lord and your Lord from every arrogant one who does not believe in the Day of Reckoning’.
وَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مُؤْمِنٌ مِنْ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ يَكْتُمُ إِيمَانَهُ أَتَقْتُلُونَ رَجُلًا أَنْ يَقُولَ رَبِّيَ اللَّهُ وَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ ۖ وَإِنْ يَكُ كَاذِبًا فَعَلَيْهِ كَذِبُهُ ۖ وَإِنْ يَكُ صَادِقًا يُصِبْكُمْ بَعْضُ الَّذِي يَعِدُكُمْ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَهْدِي مَنْ هُوَ مُسْرِفٌ كَذَّابٌ
📘 Then said a believing man from among Pharaoh’s folk — this is said to have been his paternal cousin — who had concealed his faith ‘Will you slay a man for saying “My Lord is God” even though he has also brought you clear signs manifest miracles from your Lord? If he is lying then his mendacity will be to his own detriment that is the harm resulting from his mendacity will be to his own detriment; but if he is truthful then there will befall you some of that with which he is threatening you in the way of chastisement soon. Truly God does not guide one who is a prodigal an idolater a liar.
يَا قَوْمِ لَكُمُ الْمُلْكُ الْيَوْمَ ظَاهِرِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَمَنْ يَنْصُرُنَا مِنْ بَأْسِ اللَّهِ إِنْ جَاءَنَا ۚ قَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ مَا أُرِيكُمْ إِلَّا مَا أَرَىٰ وَمَا أَهْدِيكُمْ إِلَّا سَبِيلَ الرَّشَادِ
📘 O my people! Today the kingdom is yours you are dominant prevailing zāhirīna a circumstantial qualifier in the land the land of Egypt. But who will help us against the might of God against His chastisement if you resolve to slay His friends should it reach us?’ In other words we would have no helper. Pharaoh said ‘I only point out to you what I see to be best that is to say I only suggest to you what I suggest to myself and that is to kill Moses would be best; and I am only guiding you to the path of rectitude’ to the correct way.
غَافِرِ الذَّنْبِ وَقَابِلِ التَّوْبِ شَدِيدِ الْعِقَابِ ذِي الطَّوْلِ ۖ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ إِلَيْهِ الْمَصِيرُ
📘 Forgiver of sins for believers and Accepter of repentance from them al-tawb is the verbal noun Severe in punishment of disbelievers — in other words One Who makes it severe for them — One of abundant bounty bestower of abundant grace — God is eternally possessed of all of these attributes and so the annexation construction using the derivatives of these attributes is for the purposes of characterisation as in the case of the last. There is no god except Him; to Him is the journeying the ultimate return.
وَقَالَ الَّذِي آمَنَ يَا قَوْمِ إِنِّي أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ مِثْلَ يَوْمِ الْأَحْزَابِ
📘 Then said he who believed ‘O my people! Truly I fear for you a day like the day of the factions in other words the day of one faction being destroyed after another;
مِثْلَ دَأْبِ قَوْمِ نُوحٍ وَعَادٍ وَثَمُودَ وَالَّذِينَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ ۚ وَمَا اللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ظُلْمًا لِلْعِبَادِ
📘 like the case of the people of Noah and ‘Ād and Thamūd and those who came after them mithla ‘like’ substitutes for the previous mithla ‘like’ in other words the same requital as was customarily dealt to those who disbelieved before you of their being chastised in this world and God does not desire to wrong any of His servants.
وَيَا قَوْمِ إِنِّي أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ يَوْمَ التَّنَادِ
📘 And O my people! Truly I fear for you a day of mutual calling read yawma’l-tanādi omitting the final long yā’ or retaining it thus yawma’l-tanādī that is to say the Day of Resurrection in which repeated calls are made by those meriting Paradise to those meriting the Fire and vice versa as well as calls proclaiming good fortune for those who merit the former and misery for those who merit the latter and many other such calls
يَوْمَ تُوَلُّونَ مُدْبِرِينَ مَا لَكُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ مِنْ عَاصِمٍ ۗ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَمَا لَهُ مِنْ هَادٍ
📘 a day when you will turn back to flee from the site of the Reckoning leading to the Fire not having anyone to defend you to protect you from God in other words from His chastisement and whomever God leads astray for him there is no guide.
وَلَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ يُوسُفُ مِنْ قَبْلُ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ فَمَا زِلْتُمْ فِي شَكٍّ مِمَّا جَاءَكُمْ بِهِ ۖ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا هَلَكَ قُلْتُمْ لَنْ يَبْعَثَ اللَّهُ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ رَسُولًا ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يُضِلُّ اللَّهُ مَنْ هُوَ مُسْرِفٌ مُرْتَابٌ
📘 And verily Joseph brought you before in other words before Moses — according to one opinion this Joseph is the son of Jacob having been given life until the time of Moses; according to another opinion this is Joseph son of Abraham son of Joseph son of Jacob — clear signs manifest miracles but you continued to be in doubt concerning what he had brought you until when he died you said without any evidence to support such a claim “God will never send any messenger after him” — in other words you will never cease to disbelieve in Joseph and others that may come after him. So that is just as you have been led astray God leads astray one who is a prodigal an idolater a skeptic’ a doubter of that which the clear signs have certified.
الَّذِينَ يُجَادِلُونَ فِي آيَاتِ اللَّهِ بِغَيْرِ سُلْطَانٍ أَتَاهُمْ ۖ كَبُرَ مَقْتًا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ وَعِنْدَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يَطْبَعُ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ قَلْبِ مُتَكَبِّرٍ جَبَّارٍ
📘 Those who dispute the signs of God His miracles alladhīna yujādilūna fī āyāti’Llāhi the subject without any warrant any evidence that has come to them — greatly hateful is that disputing of theirs kabura the predicate of the subject in the sight of God and in the sight of those who believe. So just as they have been led astray God sets a seal of misguidance on the heart of every arrogant tyrant read qalbin ‘the heart of’ with nunation or without qalbi. As the heart grows arrogant so does the individual and vice versa kulli in both readings is meant to indicate the totality of the misguidance of such hearts not the totality of the hearts.
وَقَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ يَا هَامَانُ ابْنِ لِي صَرْحًا لَعَلِّي أَبْلُغُ الْأَسْبَابَ
📘 And Pharaoh said ‘O Hāmān! Build for me a tower a lofty edifice that perhaps I may reach the routes —
أَسْبَابَ السَّمَاوَاتِ فَأَطَّلِعَ إِلَىٰ إِلَٰهِ مُوسَىٰ وَإِنِّي لَأَظُنُّهُ كَاذِبًا ۚ وَكَذَٰلِكَ زُيِّنَ لِفِرْعَوْنَ سُوءُ عَمَلِهِ وَصُدَّ عَنِ السَّبِيلِ ۚ وَمَا كَيْدُ فِرْعَوْنَ إِلَّا فِي تَبَابٍ
📘 the routes of the heavens — the paths that lead to it and look upon read indicative fa-attali‘u as a supplement to ablughu ‘I may reach’; or read subjunctive fa-attali‘a as the response to ibni lī ‘build for me’ the God of Moses; for I truly think that he that is Moses is lying’ about his having a god other than me — Pharaoh said this in order to disguise the truth. And that is how the evil nature of his conduct was made to seem fair to Pharaoh and that is how he was barred from the right way the path to guidance read sadda ‘that is how he barred others’ or sudda ‘that is how he was barred’. And Pharaoh’s guile ended only in ruin loss.
وَقَالَ الَّذِي آمَنَ يَا قَوْمِ اتَّبِعُونِ أَهْدِكُمْ سَبِيلَ الرَّشَادِ
📘 And he who believed ‘O my people! Follow me read ittabi‘ūnī with the final long yā’ or ittabi‘ūni without; I will guide you to the way of rectitude a similar statement has already been mentioned verse 29 above.
يَا قَوْمِ إِنَّمَا هَٰذِهِ الْحَيَاةُ الدُّنْيَا مَتَاعٌ وَإِنَّ الْآخِرَةَ هِيَ دَارُ الْقَرَارِ
📘 O my people! Truly this life of the world is only an ephemeral enjoyment containing comforts which will eventually disappear whereas the Hereafter truly is the enduring abode.
مَا يُجَادِلُ فِي آيَاتِ اللَّهِ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَلَا يَغْرُرْكَ تَقَلُّبُهُمْ فِي الْبِلَادِ
📘 None dispute the signs of God — the Qur’ān — except those who disbelieve from among the people of Mecca so do not be deceived by their bustle in the towns going about seeking their livelihood in security for the sequel for them will be the Fire.
مَنْ عَمِلَ سَيِّئَةً فَلَا يُجْزَىٰ إِلَّا مِثْلَهَا ۖ وَمَنْ عَمِلَ صَالِحًا مِنْ ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنْثَىٰ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَأُولَٰئِكَ يَدْخُلُونَ الْجَنَّةَ يُرْزَقُونَ فِيهَا بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ
📘 Whoever commits an evil deed shall not be requited except with the like of it; but whoever acts righteously whether male or female and is a believer — such shall be admitted into Paradise read passive yudkhalūna or the opposite active yadkhulūna ‘they shall enter’ wherein they will be provided without any reckoning an abundant provision given to them unconditionally.
۞ وَيَا قَوْمِ مَا لِي أَدْعُوكُمْ إِلَى النَّجَاةِ وَتَدْعُونَنِي إِلَى النَّارِ
📘 And O my people! Think what makes me call you to deliverance when you call me to the Fire?
تَدْعُونَنِي لِأَكْفُرَ بِاللَّهِ وَأُشْرِكَ بِهِ مَا لَيْسَ لِي بِهِ عِلْمٌ وَأَنَا أَدْعُوكُمْ إِلَى الْعَزِيزِ الْغَفَّارِ
📘 You call me to disbelieve in God and to associate with Him that whereof I have no knowledge whereas I call you to the Mighty Whose way always prevails the Forgiver to those who repent.
لَا جَرَمَ أَنَّمَا تَدْعُونَنِي إِلَيْهِ لَيْسَ لَهُ دَعْوَةٌ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَلَا فِي الْآخِرَةِ وَأَنَّ مَرَدَّنَا إِلَى اللَّهِ وَأَنَّ الْمُسْرِفِينَ هُمْ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ
📘 No doubt verily that to which you call me to worship has no call that is heard in other words has no call answered in this world or in the Hereafter and indeed our return will be to God and indeed the prodigal the disbelievers it is they who will be the inhabitants of the Fire.
فَسَتَذْكُرُونَ مَا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ ۚ وَأُفَوِّضُ أَمْرِي إِلَى اللَّهِ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بَصِيرٌ بِالْعِبَادِ
📘 For you will soon remember what I have said to you when you see the chastisement with your own eyes. And I entrust my affair to God. Truly God is Seer of His servants’ — he said this after they threatened him with retribution for opposing their religion.
فَوَقَاهُ اللَّهُ سَيِّئَاتِ مَا مَكَرُوا ۖ وَحَاقَ بِآلِ فِرْعَوْنَ سُوءُ الْعَذَابِ
📘 So God shielded him from the evils of what they had plotted against him in the way of killing him and there besieged befell the folk of Pharaoh his people as well as him a dreadful chastisement drowning
النَّارُ يُعْرَضُونَ عَلَيْهَا غُدُوًّا وَعَشِيًّا ۖ وَيَوْمَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ أَدْخِلُوا آلَ فِرْعَوْنَ أَشَدَّ الْعَذَابِ
📘 then the Fire to which they are exposed in which they are burnt morning and evening. And on the day when the Hour comes it will be said ‘Enter O folk of Pharaoh a variant reading for udkhulū ‘enter’ has adkhilū ‘admit’ being a command to the angels the most awful chastisement!’ the chastisement of Hell.
وَإِذْ يَتَحَاجُّونَ فِي النَّارِ فَيَقُولُ الضُّعَفَاءُ لِلَّذِينَ اسْتَكْبَرُوا إِنَّا كُنَّا لَكُمْ تَبَعًا فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُغْنُونَ عَنَّا نَصِيبًا مِنَ النَّارِ
📘 And mention when they will be arguing when they the disbelievers will be disputing with one another in the Fire and the weak will say to those who were arrogant ‘Indeed we were your followers taba‘an is the plural of tābi‘; so will you now avail will you defend us against any portion of the Fire?’
قَالَ الَّذِينَ اسْتَكْبَرُوا إِنَّا كُلٌّ فِيهَا إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ حَكَمَ بَيْنَ الْعِبَادِ
📘 Those who were arrogant will say ‘Indeed we are all together in it. God has indeed judged fairly between His servants’ admitting believers into Paradise and disbelievers into the Fire.
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ فِي النَّارِ لِخَزَنَةِ جَهَنَّمَ ادْعُوا رَبَّكُمْ يُخَفِّفْ عَنَّا يَوْمًا مِنَ الْعَذَابِ
📘 And those who are in the Fire will say to the keepers of Hell ‘Call on your Lord that He relieve us of at least a day in other words the equivalent of one day of the chastisement!’
كَذَّبَتْ قَبْلَهُمْ قَوْمُ نُوحٍ وَالْأَحْزَابُ مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ ۖ وَهَمَّتْ كُلُّ أُمَّةٍ بِرَسُولِهِمْ لِيَأْخُذُوهُ ۖ وَجَادَلُوا بِالْبَاطِلِ لِيُدْحِضُوا بِهِ الْحَقَّ فَأَخَذْتُهُمْ ۖ فَكَيْفَ كَانَ عِقَابِ
📘 The people of Noah denied before them and also the factions such as ‘Ād Thamūd and others who came after them. And every community sought to seize their messenger to slay him and they argued falsely thinking to rebut to eliminate thereby the truth. Then I seized them with punishment; so how fitting was My punishment! of them — in other words it was appropriate.
قَالُوا أَوَلَمْ تَكُ تَأْتِيكُمْ رُسُلُكُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ ۖ قَالُوا بَلَىٰ ۚ قَالُوا فَادْعُوا ۗ وَمَا دُعَاءُ الْكَافِرِينَ إِلَّا فِي ضَلَالٍ
📘 They that is the keepers will say mockingly ‘Did not your messengers bring you clear signs?’ manifest miracles? They will say ‘Yes indeed’ — in other words they disbelieved them. They will say ‘Then supplicate God!’ yourselves for we do not intercede for disbelievers. God exalted be He says but the supplications of the disbelievers can only be misguided void.
إِنَّا لَنَنْصُرُ رُسُلَنَا وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَيَوْمَ يَقُومُ الْأَشْهَادُ
📘 Truly We shall help Our messengers and those who believe in the life of this world and on the day when the witnesses rise up ashhād is the plural of shāhid — these are the angels who will testify in support of the messengers that they indeed delivered their Messages and against the disbelievers that they denied them;
يَوْمَ لَا يَنْفَعُ الظَّالِمِينَ مَعْذِرَتُهُمْ ۖ وَلَهُمُ اللَّعْنَةُ وَلَهُمْ سُوءُ الدَّارِ
📘 the day when their excuses will not benefit read lā yanfa‘u or lā tanfa‘u the evildoers even if they were to offer them and theirs will be the curse in other words the banishment from God’s Mercy and theirs will be the ills of the ultimate abode in the Hereafter meaning the most severe of its chastisements.
وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا مُوسَى الْهُدَىٰ وَأَوْرَثْنَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ الْكِتَابَ
📘 And verily We gave Moses the guidance the Torah and miracles and We made the Children of Israel after Moses heirs to the scripture the Torah
هُدًى وَذِكْرَىٰ لِأُولِي الْأَلْبَابِ
📘 as a guidance to guide and as a remembrance for people of pith a reminder for possessors of intellect.
فَاصْبِرْ إِنَّ وَعْدَ اللَّهِ حَقٌّ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لِذَنْبِكَ وَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ بِالْعَشِيِّ وَالْإِبْكَارِ
📘 So be patient O Muhammad (s). Surely God’s promise to grant victory to His friends is true — for you and whoever follows you are among such friends. And ask forgiveness for your sin so that you will be emulated in this by your community and glorify perform prayer continuously with praise of your Lord at night — which means after sunset — and in the early hours the five prayers.
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُجَادِلُونَ فِي آيَاتِ اللَّهِ بِغَيْرِ سُلْطَانٍ أَتَاهُمْ ۙ إِنْ فِي صُدُورِهِمْ إِلَّا كِبْرٌ مَا هُمْ بِبَالِغِيهِ ۚ فَاسْتَعِذْ بِاللَّهِ ۖ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ
📘 Truly those who dispute the signs of God the Qur’ān without any warrant any evidence that has come to them — there is only vanity in their breasts only arrogance and an evil desire to get the better of you which they will never attain and satisfy. So seek refuge with God from their evil. Surely He is the Hearer of their sayings the Seer of their state.
لَخَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَكْبَرُ مِنْ خَلْقِ النَّاسِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ
📘 The following was revealed regarding the deniers of resurrection Assuredly the creation of the heavens and the earth as an unprecedented first act is greater than the creation of mankind a second time — which is the restoration of them after death; but most people namely the disbelievers of Mecca do not know this and so they are like the blind whereas those who know it are like those who have sight.
وَمَا يَسْتَوِي الْأَعْمَىٰ وَالْبَصِيرُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَلَا الْمُسِيءُ ۚ قَلِيلًا مَا تَتَذَكَّرُونَ
📘 And the blind one and the seer are not equal; nor are they equal those who believe and perform righteous deeds — such a person being the virtuous one — and the evildoer wa-lā’l-musī’u lā here is extra. Little do they reflect little are they admonished read yatadhakkarūna or second person plural tatadhakkarūna ‘do you reflect’ in other words their reflections are very few.
إِنَّ السَّاعَةَ لَآتِيَةٌ لَا رَيْبَ فِيهَا وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ
📘 Truly the Hour is coming; there is no doubt in it. But most people do not believe in it.
وَكَذَٰلِكَ حَقَّتْ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّهُمْ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ
📘 And thus was the word of your Lord — namely the verse Assuredly I will fill Hell … Q. 11119 — fulfilled against those who disbelieve that they shall be the inhabitants of the Fire annahum ashābu’l-nāri substitutes for kalimatu ‘the word’.
وَقَالَ رَبُّكُمُ ادْعُونِي أَسْتَجِبْ لَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ عَنْ عِبَادَتِي سَيَدْخُلُونَ جَهَنَّمَ دَاخِرِينَ
📘 And your Lord has said ‘Call on Me and I will respond to you in other words worship Me and I will reward you — judging this to be the meaning by what follows. Surely those who disdain to worship Me shall enter sa-yadkhulūna or passive sa-yudkhalūna ‘they shall be admitted into’ Hell utterly humiliated’ abased.
اللَّهُ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ لِتَسْكُنُوا فِيهِ وَالنَّهَارَ مُبْصِرًا ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَذُو فَضْلٍ عَلَى النَّاسِ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَشْكُرُونَ
📘 God it is Who made for you night that you may rest in it and day for seeing — the attribution of sight ibsār to ‘day’ is figurative and it is so attributed because one is able to see in it. Surely God is a Lord of bounty to mankind but most people are not thankful to God and so they do not believe.
ذَٰلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ فَأَنَّىٰ تُؤْفَكُونَ
📘 That then is God your Lord the Creator of all things; there is no god except Him. How then are you made to deviate? how then are you turned away from faith despite the evidence having been established for it?
كَذَٰلِكَ يُؤْفَكُ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ يَجْحَدُونَ
📘 So deviate that is in the same way that these Meccans deviate deviate those who used to deny the signs of God His miracles.
اللَّهُ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَرْضَ قَرَارًا وَالسَّمَاءَ بِنَاءً وَصَوَّرَكُمْ فَأَحْسَنَ صُوَرَكُمْ وَرَزَقَكُمْ مِنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ ۖ فَتَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ
📘 God it is Who made for you the earth as a stable abode and the heaven as a canopy a ceiling. And He formed you and perfected your forms and provided you with all the wholesome things. That then is God your Lord so blessed be God the Lord of the Worlds.
هُوَ الْحَيُّ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ فَادْعُوهُ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ ۗ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
📘 He is the Living; there is no god except Him. So supplicate Him worship Him devoting your religion purely to Him free from any idolatry. Praise be to God the Lord of the Worlds.
۞ قُلْ إِنِّي نُهِيتُ أَنْ أَعْبُدَ الَّذِينَ تَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ لَمَّا جَاءَنِيَ الْبَيِّنَاتُ مِنْ رَبِّي وَأُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُسْلِمَ لِرَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
📘 Say ‘I have been forbidden to worship those on whom you call those whom you worship besides God since there have come to me clear signs proofs of His Oneness from my Lord; and I have been commanded to submit to the Lord of the Worlds’.
هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ ثُمَّ مِنْ عَلَقَةٍ ثُمَّ يُخْرِجُكُمْ طِفْلًا ثُمَّ لِتَبْلُغُوا أَشُدَّكُمْ ثُمَّ لِتَكُونُوا شُيُوخًا ۚ وَمِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُتَوَفَّىٰ مِنْ قَبْلُ ۖ وَلِتَبْلُغُوا أَجَلًا مُسَمًّى وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ
📘 He it is Who created you from dust by having created your father Adam from it then from a drop of sperm then from a blood-clot congealed blood then He brings you forth as infants then He sustains you that you may come of age until you have attained your full strength — this being from the age of thirty to forty — then that you may become aged read shuyūkhan or shiyūkhan— though there are some of you who die earlier that is before coming of age or becoming aged. He does this to you so that you may live on and that you may complete an appointed term a defined length of time that perhaps you might understand the proofs of His Oneness and thus become believers.
هُوَ الَّذِي يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ ۖ فَإِذَا قَضَىٰ أَمْرًا فَإِنَّمَا يَقُولُ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ
📘 He it is Who gives life and brings death. So when He decides upon a matter when He wants to bring something into existence He only says to it ‘Be!’ and it is read fa-yakūnu or fa-yakūna in the subjunctive on account of an implied preceding an. In other words it comes into existence after He has willed it that which is signified by the said words.
أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ يُجَادِلُونَ فِي آيَاتِ اللَّهِ أَنَّىٰ يُصْرَفُونَ
📘 Have you not regarded those who dispute the signs of God the Qur’ān how they are turned away? from faith —
الَّذِينَ يَحْمِلُونَ الْعَرْشَ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهُ يُسَبِّحُونَ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّهِمْ وَيُؤْمِنُونَ بِهِ وَيَسْتَغْفِرُونَ لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا رَبَّنَا وَسِعْتَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ رَحْمَةً وَعِلْمًا فَاغْفِرْ لِلَّذِينَ تَابُوا وَاتَّبَعُوا سَبِيلَكَ وَقِهِمْ عَذَابَ الْجَحِيمِ
📘 Those who bear the Throne alladhīna yahmilūna’l-‘arsha is the subject and those around it wa-man hawlahu is a supplement to that subject glorify yusabbihūna is the predicate thereof with praise of their Lord continuously proclaiming praise in other words continuously saying subhāna’Llāhi wa-bi-hamdihi ‘Glory and praise be to God’; and they believe in Him exalted be He through their power of discernment in other words they affirm the truth of His Oneness and they ask forgiveness for those who believe saying ‘Our Lord You embrace all things in Your mercy and knowledge that is to say Your mercy embraces all things and Your knowledge also embraces all things. So forgive those who repent of idolatry and follow Your way — the religion of Islam — and shield them from the chastisement of Hell-fire that is the Fire.
الَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا بِالْكِتَابِ وَبِمَا أَرْسَلْنَا بِهِ رُسُلَنَا ۖ فَسَوْفَ يَعْلَمُونَ
📘 those who deny the Book the Qur’ān and that wherewith We have sent Our messengers in the way of the affirmation of God’s Oneness and belief in the Resurrection — and these deniers are the Meccan disbelievers. But they will come to know the punishment for their denials;
إِذِ الْأَغْلَالُ فِي أَعْنَاقِهِمْ وَالسَّلَاسِلُ يُسْحَبُونَ
📘 when idh has the meaning of idhā with fetters around their necks and chains wa’l-salāsilu a supplement to al-aghlālu ‘fetters’ so that the meaning is that these chains are also around their necks; or it al-salāsilu ‘chains’ is the subject the predicate of which has been omitted in other words the meaning being around their feet will be these chains — or alternatively its predicate is the following yushabūna they are dragged in other words they are dragged away by these chains.
فِي الْحَمِيمِ ثُمَّ فِي النَّارِ يُسْجَرُونَ
📘 into the boiling water that is into Hell then in the Fire they are set aflame.
ثُمَّ قِيلَ لَهُمْ أَيْنَ مَا كُنْتُمْ تُشْرِكُونَ
📘 Then it will be said to them in reproach ‘Where are those whom you used to make partners
مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ ۖ قَالُوا ضَلُّوا عَنَّا بَلْ لَمْ نَكُنْ نَدْعُو مِنْ قَبْلُ شَيْئًا ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يُضِلُّ اللَّهُ الْكَافِرِينَ
📘 besides God?’ alongside Him and these are the idols. They will say ‘They have forsaken abandoned us and so we cannot see them. Nay but actually we were not invoking anything before’. They deny that they used to worship these idols; but then these idols are brought before them — which is where God exalted be He says ‘Truly you and what you worship besides God shall be fuel for Hell’ Q. 2198. So in the same way that these disbelievers have been led astray God leads astray the disbelievers.
ذَٰلِكُمْ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تَفْرَحُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَبِمَا كُنْتُمْ تَمْرَحُونَ
📘 And it will also be said to them ‘That chastisement is because you used to exult in the earth without right by your idolatry and denial of resurrection and because you were insolent committing acts of disobedience in abundance.
ادْخُلُوا أَبْوَابَ جَهَنَّمَ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا ۖ فَبِئْسَ مَثْوَى الْمُتَكَبِّرِينَ
📘 Enter the gates of Hell to abide therein’. Evil then is the ultimate abode of the arrogant!
فَاصْبِرْ إِنَّ وَعْدَ اللَّهِ حَقٌّ ۚ فَإِمَّا نُرِيَنَّكَ بَعْضَ الَّذِي نَعِدُهُمْ أَوْ نَتَوَفَّيَنَّكَ فَإِلَيْنَا يُرْجَعُونَ
📘 So be patient. Assuredly God’s promise to chastise them is true. And if We show you fa-immā contains an assimilated conditional particle in; the mā is extra and emphasises the conditional import at the beginning of the verb while the nūn emphasises it at the end a part of what We promise them of chastisement in your lifetime the response to the conditional has been omitted in other words it is something like ‘then so be it!’ … or We take you unto Us in death before their chastisement then in any case to Us they will be returned whereupon We shall chastise them with the most severe punishment this last mentioned response is that of the supplement only.
وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا رُسُلًا مِنْ قَبْلِكَ مِنْهُمْ مَنْ قَصَصْنَا عَلَيْكَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ لَمْ نَقْصُصْ عَلَيْكَ ۗ وَمَا كَانَ لِرَسُولٍ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ بِآيَةٍ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ ۚ فَإِذَا جَاءَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قُضِيَ بِالْحَقِّ وَخَسِرَ هُنَالِكَ الْمُبْطِلُونَ
📘 And verily We sent messengers before you. Of them are those whom We have recounted to you and of them are those whom We have not recounted to you it is reported that God exalted be He sent 8000 prophets 4000 prophets sent from among the Children of Israel and the other 4000 from among the remainder of mankind. And it was never permitted for any messenger from among them to bring a sign except with God’s permission for they are also servants enthralled by Him. Hence when God’s command comes for the chastisement to be sent down on the disbelievers judgement between the messengers and their deniers is passed justly; and it is thence that the advocates of falsehood become losers that is to say it is thence that the judgement and the loss become manifest for mankind although such advocates of falsehood will have always been losers always before that.
اللَّهُ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَنْعَامَ لِتَرْكَبُوا مِنْهَا وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ
📘 God it is Who made for you cattle — it is said that ‘camels’ are specifically meant here even though it seems to signify cows and sheep also — that you may ride some of them and eat of some.
رَبَّنَا وَأَدْخِلْهُمْ جَنَّاتِ عَدْنٍ الَّتِي وَعَدْتَهُمْ وَمَنْ صَلَحَ مِنْ آبَائِهِمْ وَأَزْوَاجِهِمْ وَذُرِّيَّاتِهِمْ ۚ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ
📘 Our Lord and admit them into the Gardens of Eden as a place of residence for them that which You have promised them along with whoever were righteous wa-man salaha is a supplement either to the pronominal third person plural suffix hum ‘them’ in wa-adkhilhum ‘and admit them’ or in wa‘adttahum ‘You have promised them’ among their fathers and their wives and their descendants. Surely You are the One Who is the Mighty the Wise in what He does.
وَلَكُمْ فِيهَا مَنَافِعُ وَلِتَبْلُغُوا عَلَيْهَا حَاجَةً فِي صُدُورِكُمْ وَعَلَيْهَا وَعَلَى الْفُلْكِ تُحْمَلُونَ
📘 And there are other uses for you in them such as their milk offspring fur and wool and that by them you may satisfy any need that is in your breasts namely to transport heavy loads to other lands and on them on land and on the ships in the sea you are carried.
وَيُرِيكُمْ آيَاتِهِ فَأَيَّ آيَاتِ اللَّهِ تُنْكِرُونَ
📘 And He shows you His signs. So which of God’s signs that is the signs that prove His Oneness do you reject? the interrogative here is meant as a rebuke; ayya ‘which of’ is more commonly made masculine than feminine.
أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ ۚ كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْهُمْ وَأَشَدَّ قُوَّةً وَآثَارًا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَمَا أَغْنَىٰ عَنْهُمْ مَا كَانُوا يَكْسِبُونَ
📘 Have they not travelled across the land to see the nature of the consequence for those before them? They were more powerful than them in might and in their vestiges on earth in the way of large structures and palaces. But what they used to earn did not avail them.
فَلَمَّا جَاءَتْهُمْ رُسُلُهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ فَرِحُوا بِمَا عِنْدَهُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ وَحَاقَ بِهِمْ مَا كَانُوا بِهِ يَسْتَهْزِئُونَ
📘 And when their messengers brought them clear signs manifest miracles they the disbelievers exulted in the knowledge they the messengers possessed an exultation that entailed mockery and amusement as they rejected such knowledge and there besieged befell them that which they used to deride namely the chastisement.
فَلَمَّا رَأَوْا بَأْسَنَا قَالُوا آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ وَكَفَرْنَا بِمَا كُنَّا بِهِ مُشْرِكِينَ
📘 Then when they saw Our doom that is the severity of Our chastisement they said ‘We believe in God alone and we disavow what we used to associate with Him’.
فَلَمْ يَكُ يَنْفَعُهُمْ إِيمَانُهُمْ لَمَّا رَأَوْا بَأْسَنَا ۖ سُنَّتَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي قَدْ خَلَتْ فِي عِبَادِهِ ۖ وَخَسِرَ هُنَالِكَ الْكَافِرُونَ
📘 But their faith was of no benefit to them when they saw Our doom — This is God’s way sunnata’Llāhi is in the accusative because it functions as a verbal noun from an implicit verb of the same expression with the believers among all communities which is that faith is of no benefit to them once the chastisement has been sent down which has its precdent; and it is thence that the disbelievers will be losers — it is thence that their status as losers will become apparent to all of mankind even though they will have always been losers before that.
وَقِهِمُ السَّيِّئَاتِ ۚ وَمَنْ تَقِ السَّيِّئَاتِ يَوْمَئِذٍ فَقَدْ رَحِمْتَهُ ۚ وَذَٰلِكَ هُوَ الْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ
📘 And shield them from evil deeds that is from the chastisement thereof; for whomever You shield from evil deeds that day the Day of Resurrection verily him You will have had been merciful to; and that is indeed the supreme triumph’.
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