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(Ar-Rad) • المصدر: EN-TAFSIR-AL-TUSTARI
لَهُ مُعَقِّبَاتٌ مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِ يَحْفَظُونَهُ مِنْ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُغَيِّرُ مَا بِقَوْمٍ حَتَّىٰ يُغَيِّرُوا مَا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ ۗ وَإِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ بِقَوْمٍ سُوءًا فَلَا مَرَدَّ لَهُ ۚ وَمَا لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِهِ مِنْ وَالٍ
📘 For him are attendants (muʿaqqibāt) in front of him and behind him, guarding him by God�s command�The meaning of muʿaqqibāt is the angels of the night and day, which come one after the other in succession. Guarding him by God�s command�, that is, [preserving] all the good and evil things that He has determined for His servant. Furthermore, they bear witness for [the servant] with fidelity (wafāʾ), and against him with severity (jafāʾ) on the Day of Resurrection.His words, Exalted is He:
هُوَ الَّذِي يُرِيكُمُ الْبَرْقَ خَوْفًا وَطَمَعًا وَيُنْشِئُ السَّحَابَ الثِّقَالَ
📘 It is He that shows you the lightning [inspiring] fear and hope�He [Sahl] said:The following saying is related from Ibn ʿAbbās y: �Thunder is an angel and it is his voice that you hear. As for the lightning, it is a whip of light by which the angel drives the clouds.� Mujāhid also said this. It is reported that ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib said: �Lightning is that with which the angels drive [the clouds] (makhārīq), and thunder is the voice of an angel.� Qatāda said: �Thunder is the sound of the clouds.�His words, Exalted is He:
وَيُسَبِّحُ الرَّعْدُ بِحَمْدِهِ وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ مِنْ خِيفَتِهِ وَيُرْسِلُ الصَّوَاعِقَ فَيُصِيبُ بِهَا مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَهُمْ يُجَادِلُونَ فِي اللَّهِ وَهُوَ شَدِيدُ الْمِحَالِ
📘 And the thunder proclaims His praise, and so too the angels are in awe of Him�Thus does He make special mention of the angels. ʿIkrima said: �Thunder is an angel who has been put in charge of the clouds; he drives them along just as a camel herder would do his camels.�Kaʿb reported from ʿUmar that he said, �I heard the Messenger of God say: �Truly, God creates clouds so they speak with the most excellent speech and laugh with a most excellent laugh. Their speech is thunder and their laughter is lightning.�� Abū Bakr said that he asked him , �What would you say regarding a day on which there is a heavy downpour and the sound of the thunder is violent?� He replied, �This is a report of God�s good pleasure (riḍā), Mighty and Majestic is He, so how must be the report of His wrath (ghaḍab). Let us seek refuge in God from His wrath.�His words, Exalted is He:
الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَطْمَئِنُّ قُلُوبُهُمْ بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ ۗ أَلَا بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ الْقُلُوبُ
📘 �Truly, it is in the remembrance of God that hearts find peace.[In] remembrance (dhikr) with knowledge (ʿilm) there is tranquil repose (sukūn), and [in] remembrance with intellect (ʿaql) there is profound peace (ṭumaʾnīna). He [Sahl] was asked, �And how is that?� He replied:If a servant is maintaining [true] obedience to God, he will be in a state of remembrance (dhākir), but when something occurs to his mind, he will be in a state of severance (qāṭiʿ) [from God]. If he is involved in an act [motivated by] his lower self, and something comes to his heart which guides him to remembrance and obedience, this is the role played by the intellect (mawḍiʿ al-ʿaql).Then he said:Anyone who claims to practise remembrance falls into one of two types. There are those whom the fear of God, Mighty and Majestic is He, never leaves, but who also experience love (ḥubb) and fervour (nashāṭ) in their hearts. They are truly people of remembrance and they live for God, the Hereafter, knowledge and the Sunna. Then there are those who claim to be in a state of fervour, joy and happiness in every situation. They are living for the enemy, this world, ignorance, and innovation and they are the worst of people.His words, Exalted is He:
وَالَّذِينَ آتَيْنَاهُمُ الْكِتَابَ يَفْرَحُونَ بِمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ ۖ وَمِنَ الْأَحْزَابِ مَنْ يُنْكِرُ بَعْضَهُ ۚ قُلْ إِنَّمَا أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أَعْبُدَ اللَّهَ وَلَا أُشْرِكَ بِهِ ۚ إِلَيْهِ أَدْعُو وَإِلَيْهِ مَآبِ
📘 �Say, �I have been commanded to worship God, and not to associate anything with Him��Sahl was asked: �When does the servant prove true in the station of servanthood (ʿubūdiyya)?� He replied:When he gives up his own management (tadbīr) and becomes satisfied with the management of God, Exalted is He, for him. His words, Exalted is He:
يَمْحُو اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَيُثْبِتُ ۖ وَعِنْدَهُ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ
📘 God erases whatever He will and He fixes whatever He will, and with Him is the Mother of the Book.He [Sahl] said:God erases what He wills in the realm of [secondary] causes (asbāb), and fixes what is decreed. And with Him is the Mother of the Book. It is the irrevocable decree (qaḍā) to which nothing may be added and from which nothing may be taken away. His words, Exalted is He:
وَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَسْتَ مُرْسَلًا ۚ قُلْ كَفَىٰ بِاللَّهِ شَهِيدًا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ الْكِتَابِ
📘 And he who possesses knowledge of the Book.Sahl said:The Book is noble (ʿazīz), and knowledge of the Book is even nobler, as is acting by it [that knowledge]. Action is noble, but sincerity in action is nobler still. Sincerity (ikhlāṣ) is noble, but witnessing (mushāhada) in [the state of] sincerity is nobler. Being in conformity (muwāfaqa) is noble, but intimacy (uns) in conformity is even nobler. Intimacy is noble, but the proprieties(ādāb) which are appropriate to intimacy are nobler still. And God, Transcendent and Exalted is He, knows best.His words, Exalted is He:
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