🕋 تفسير سورة النساء
(An-Nisa) • المصدر: EN-TAFSIR-AL-TUSTARI
إِنَّا أَنْزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ ۚ وَلَا تَكُنْ لِلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا
📘 ..so that you may judge between people by that which God has shown you�That is, in accordance with the wisdom (ḥikma) that God, Exalted is He, has taught you within the Qurʾān and the laws of Islam.His words, Exalted is He:
إِنْ يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إِلَّا إِنَاثًا وَإِنْ يَدْعُونَ إِلَّا شَيْطَانًا مَرِيدًا
📘 What they pray to instead of Him are but females.That is, they [emit] sounds, and they are of stone and iron.His words Mighty and Majestic is He:
أُولَٰئِكَ مَأْوَاهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ وَلَا يَجِدُونَ عَنْهَا مَحِيصًا
📘 �And will find no refuge from it.That is, no way out.His words:
الَّذِينَ يَتَّخِذُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ۚ أَيَبْتَغُونَ عِنْدَهُمُ الْعِزَّةَ فَإِنَّ الْعِزَّةَ لِلَّهِ جَمِيعًا
📘 �Do they desire power with them?...This refers to the hypocrites who were seeking power and protection from the Jews. Do you not [recall] the Prophet�s words , �Nothing descended from the heavens mightier than certainty�? That is, there is nothing more indomitable or formidable. His words:
الَّذِينَ يَتَرَبَّصُونَ بِكُمْ فَإِنْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فَتْحٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ قَالُوا أَلَمْ نَكُنْ مَعَكُمْ وَإِنْ كَانَ لِلْكَافِرِينَ نَصِيبٌ قَالُوا أَلَمْ نَسْتَحْوِذْ عَلَيْكُمْ وَنَمْنَعْكُمْ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ۚ فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ ۗ وَلَنْ يَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ لِلْكَافِرِينَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ سَبِيلًا
📘 �Did we not gain mastery over you?...That is, conquer and overcome you.His words:
إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ يُخَادِعُونَ اللَّهَ وَهُوَ خَادِعُهُمْ وَإِذَا قَامُوا إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ قَامُوا كُسَالَىٰ يُرَاءُونَ النَّاسَ وَلَا يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا
📘 The hypocrites try to deceive God, but it is He who causes them to be deceived�This means that He hastens the recompense for their [outwardly] showing faith, and [inwardly] keeping secret their disbelief, by withdrawing His protection and grace from them, and by augmenting their wealth and offspring, and granting them access to the immediate [pleasures of] this world. But, their final destination is the Fire. This is what is meant by His words, [Thehypocrites] try to deceive God, but it is He who causes them to be deceived. He meant by this the speed of delivering their recompense (jazāʾ) for what they perform and abstain from. This is as His saying, Nay, but you marvel while they engage in ridicule [37:12], by which He meant that He hastened their punishment for their persisting in denial [of the truth]. Thus were His words addressed in accordance with the name of their action. And indeed in [other] places He describes their being in a state of wonder (ʿajab); [for example,] in His words, [Say, �It has been revealed to me that a company of jinn listened and said], �We have heard a wondrous Qurʾān�� [72:1]; and in Sūra Qāf, Nay, but they [the disbelievers] think it strange [50:2]; and in Sūra Ṣād: What an astonishing thing! [38:5]. So also [wonder] is mentioned in Sūra Ṣāffāt: Nay but you marvel while they engage in ridicule [37:12], that is, you see their recompense as immense (ʿaẓīm), And here He calls the immense recompense a marvel, for the one who marvels at something that has reached its utmost degree, and this is what is meant in His words, you marvel.It has been related that Shaqīq read [the Qurʾānic words] to Sharīḥ as �I marvel (ʿajibtu)� to which Sharīḥ replied, �[It should be] you marvel (ʿajibta)�, for truly God does not marvel at anything. The only one who marvels is one who does not know.� Then Shaqīq said, �I informed Ibrāhīm of this, and he said, �For sure, Sharīḥ is pleased with his own knowledge. However, Ibn Masʿūd is more knowledgeable than him and he used to read it, I marvel with a ḍamma (ʿajibtu�When they stand up to pray they do so lazily�This is one of the signs of the hypocrites, and by this they betray the trust (amāna), which outwardlythey appear to have taken upon themselves.
إِنَّمَا التَّوْبَةُ عَلَى اللَّهِ لِلَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ السُّوءَ بِجَهَالَةٍ ثُمَّ يَتُوبُونَ مِنْ قَرِيبٍ فَأُولَٰئِكَ يَتُوبُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا
📘 The repentance that God accepts is only of those who do evil in ignorance and repent shortly thereafter�He said:One who is repentant (tāʾib) keeps away from sin and observes obedience. One who is obedient(muṭīʿ) is wary of ostentation (riyāʾ) and persists in remembrance (dhikr). The one who is constant in remembrance (dhākir) is wary of conceit (ʿujb), and imposes upon himself [the sense of] his own deficiency (taqṣīr).[Concerning this verse] he also said:God most High revealed to David , �The wailing of sinners is more beloved to Me than the clamour of the veracious (surākh al-ṣiddīqūn)�. His words:
يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لَا تَغْلُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ وَلَا تَقُولُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ ۚ إِنَّمَا الْمَسِيحُ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَكَلِمَتُهُ أَلْقَاهَا إِلَىٰ مَرْيَمَ وَرُوحٌ مِنْهُ ۖ فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ ۖ وَلَا تَقُولُوا ثَلَاثَةٌ ۚ انْتَهُوا خَيْرًا لَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّمَا اللَّهُ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ ۖ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ ۘ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ ۗ وَكَفَىٰ بِاللَّهِ وَكِيلًا
📘 O People of the Scripture do not go to excess in your religion�That is, do not exceed the limits in your religion through innovations (bidaʿ), or by deviating from the truth, which is the Book, the Sunna and consensus (ijmāʿ), by inclining towards the desire of your lower selves.And he [Sahl] said:The backbone (qiwām) of religion and this world is in three things: knowledge (ʿilm), propriety (adab) and initiative (mubādara). However, the ruin of religion and this world comes from three things: ignorance (jahl), folly (khurq) and laziness (kasal).On another occasion, I heard him say:There are four things which are among the buttresses (daʿāʾim) of the religion: to uphold the truth even against your own self and others; to renounce falsehood in yourself or others; to love the people who are obedient to God and to detest those who disobey Him.He was asked about His words, Exalted is He:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْكُمْ ۚ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًا
📘 �And kill not yourselves�Do not destroy yourselves through transgressions (maʿāṣī) and persistence [in transgression], and by neglecting repentance (tawba) after returning to rectitude (istiqāma). Surely God is ever merciful to you [4:29] in that He forbade transgression to you, so that you might not perish, which is further expounded in His words, Exalted is He:
إِنْ تَجْتَنِبُوا كَبَائِرَ مَا تُنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ نُكَفِّرْ عَنْكُمْ سَيِّئَاتِكُمْ وَنُدْخِلْكُمْ مُدْخَلًا كَرِيمًا
📘 If you avoid the grave sins that you are forbidden, We shall absolve you of your [minor] misdeeds�[Concerning that] he [Sahl?] said:It was related that Ibn Masʿūd said, �The grave sins (kabāʾir) are those mentioned from the beginning of Sūrat al-Nisāʾ up to this verse.�And Sahl added:The major sins are those that carry God�s threat of the Fire within His Book, Exalted is He.His words:
۞ وَاعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَلَا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا ۖ وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَبِذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْجَارِ ذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْجَارِ الْجُنُبِ وَالصَّاحِبِ بِالْجَنْبِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ وَمَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَنْ كَانَ مُخْتَالًا فَخُورًا
📘 ..to the neighbour who is close, and the neighbour who is a stranger, to the companion at your side, and to the wayfarer� He said:As for the outward meaning: the neighbour who is a stranger is the one who is not related to you and is foreign; the companion at your side is your fellow traveller, or it has also been said that it is your spouse; and the wayfarer (ibn al-sabīl) means the guest. As for its inner meaning: the neighbour who is near refers to the heart (qalb); the neighbour who is a stranger is the ⸢self in its natural state (al-nafs al-ṭabīʿī)⸣; and the companion by your side is the intellect (ʿaql), which is guided by the sharīʿa. The wayfarer refers to the bodily members (jawāriḥ) which are in a state of obedience to God. This is the inner meaning of the verse.His words:
وَآتُوا النِّسَاءَ صَدُقَاتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةً ۚ فَإِنْ طِبْنَ لَكُمْ عَنْ شَيْءٍ مِنْهُ نَفْسًا فَكُلُوهُ هَنِيئًا مَرِيئًا
📘 And give women their dowries as a free gift�He said:It means, give them the dowry (ṣadāq) as a gift to them from God, Mighty and Majestic is He. Indeed dowry (niḥla) is religion (diyāna). He continued:The Prophet said: �The basest of sins before God, Exalted is He, is to prevent a worker from being paid, and to stop a woman receiving her dowry (mahr).� His words, Exalted is He:
فَكَيْفَ إِذَا جِئْنَا مِنْ كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ بِشَهِيدٍ وَجِئْنَا بِكَ عَلَىٰ هَٰؤُلَاءِ شَهِيدًا
📘 So how shall it be, when We bring forward from every community a witness, and We bring you as a witness against these?Sahl said:God, Exalted is He, has placed 360 angels in the service of each Muslim servant in accordancewith the number of his veins. When he wants to do something good they assist him in that, but if he wants to do something bad they chide him about it. If he acts upon any of those [intentions] they record that action for him until the Day of Judgement, when they show it to him, and apprehend him for it. Then when he comes before God, Exalted is He, they will bear witness for him about the faithfulness of [his] obedience, and [against him] for the sins he committed. God said, Exalted is He, And every soul will come accompanied by a driver and a witness [50:21].His words, Exalted is He:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ آمِنُوا بِمَا نَزَّلْنَا مُصَدِّقًا لِمَا مَعَكُمْ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ نَطْمِسَ وُجُوهًا فَنَرُدَّهَا عَلَىٰ أَدْبَارِهَا أَوْ نَلْعَنَهُمْ كَمَا لَعَنَّا أَصْحَابَ السَّبْتِ ۚ وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ مَفْعُولًا
📘 �Before We obliterate faces�This means that God turns them back from guidance and insight to their natural disposition (ṭabʿ al-jibilla). His words, Exalted is He:
إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَنْ يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَمَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدِ افْتَرَىٰ إِثْمًا عَظِيمًا
📘 God forgives not that anything should be associated with Him. But He forgives other than that, to whomsoever He wills�He said:If no one has any grievance against him, and his sins are only between him and God, Exalted is He, indeed He forgives those sins, for He is the Magnanimous (al-Jawād), the Generous (al-Karīm). It has been related from the Prophet that he said, �A slave may be brought forwardon the Day of Resurrection and directed to the Fire, but then he will say, �This is not in accordance with what I supposed [my outcome would be].� Then God, Mighty and Majestic, will ask, �What was your opinion of Me?�to which he will reply, �That You would forgive me�, upon which, God, Mighty and Majestic, will say, �Truly I have forgiven you�, and He will direct him to Paradise.� His words:
أُولَٰئِكَ الَّذِينَ يَعْلَمُ اللَّهُ مَا فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ فَأَعْرِضْ عَنْهُمْ وَعِظْهُمْ وَقُلْ لَهُمْ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ قَوْلًا بَلِيغًا
📘 ..and say to them regarding their souls a penetrating word.That is, �conveying from Me with your tongue and with the best expression the essence of what is in your heart.� His words:
الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ۖ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ الطَّاغُوتِ فَقَاتِلُوا أَوْلِيَاءَ الشَّيْطَانِ ۖ إِنَّ كَيْدَ الشَّيْطَانِ كَانَ ضَعِيفًا
📘 Those who believe fight in the way of God, and those who disbelieve fight in the way of a false deity...He [Sahl] said:The believers are [with] God, adversaries against their lower selves, but the hypocrites are [with] their lower selves, adversaries against God, Mighty and Majestic is He. They hasten to question, and are not content with what God chooses for them. This is the way of Satan (ṭāghūt), for the lower self is the greatest of devils if the servant consorts with it because it will incite him to transgression.His words, Exalted is He:
أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ قِيلَ لَهُمْ كُفُّوا أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ فَلَمَّا كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقِتَالُ إِذَا فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمْ يَخْشَوْنَ النَّاسَ كَخَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ أَوْ أَشَدَّ خَشْيَةً ۚ وَقَالُوا رَبَّنَا لِمَ كَتَبْتَ عَلَيْنَا الْقِتَالَ لَوْلَا أَخَّرْتَنَا إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ قَرِيبٍ ۗ قُلْ مَتَاعُ الدُّنْيَا قَلِيلٌ وَالْآخِرَةُ خَيْرٌ لِمَنِ اتَّقَىٰ وَلَا تُظْلَمُونَ فَتِيلًا
📘 Say: �The enjoyment of this world is trifling��He [Sahl] was asked, �What is this world?� To which he replied:This whole world consists of ignorance except for where knowledge is to be found. All knowledgeis a testimony against [the one who possesses it], except for that which is acted upon. All action is futile except for that which is done with sincerity (ikhlāṣ), and sincerity is not achieved except through adherence to the Sunna.Then he said:Your world is your lower self (nafs). Thus, if you annihilate it, there will be no world for you. His words, Exalted is He:
وَيَقُولُونَ طَاعَةٌ فَإِذَا بَرَزُوا مِنْ عِنْدِكَ بَيَّتَ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ غَيْرَ الَّذِي تَقُولُ ۖ وَاللَّهُ يَكْتُبُ مَا يُبَيِّتُونَ ۖ فَأَعْرِضْ عَنْهُمْ وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ ۚ وَكَفَىٰ بِاللَّهِ وَكِيلًا
📘 �So turn away from them, and put your trust in God�He was asked, �What is trust? (tawakkul)?� He replied:Trust is the submission of the body in servanthood, the attachment of the heart to the divine lordliness (rubūbiyya) and the disclaiming of all power (ḥawl) and strength (quwwa).Then he was asked: �What is the reality (ḥaqīqa) of trust (tawakkul) in principle?� He replied:At its root, the reality of trust is the realisation of God�s oneness (tawḥīd), while its branch is the knowledge of the Last Day [lit. knowledge of the Hour] (ilm al-sāʿa); and through tranquil repose (sukūn) in it [trust] there is visual beholding (muʿāyana).Then he said:Do not be anxious about trust, for truly it is a means of livelihood for those who possess it.He was asked, �Who are those who possess it?� He replied:They are those who have been privileged with a special quality.Sahl was asked to clarify this further, and he said:Truly all the sciences are the lowest categories of worship (taʿabbud). The sum of all worship is only the lowest category of scrupulous piety (waraʿ). The sum of all renunciation (zuhd) is the lowest category of the manifestation of divine omnipotence (ẓuhūr al-qudra). Furthermore, the divine omnipotence does not become apparent to anyone except the one who has complete trust (mutawakkil). Trust is not susceptible of any categorical definition, nor does it have a limit that would make it susceptible of comparison, nor does it have an utmost degree that can be reached.Then he was asked, �Describe something of it to us� and he replied:Trust has a thousand ranks, the first of which is the ability to walk on air. He was then asked, �How does the servant reach that level?� He answered:The first thing is gnosis (maʿrifa), then affirmation (iqrār), then the realisation of God�s oneness (tawḥīd), then submission (islām), then the excellence in faith (iḥsān), then the committing of one�s affairs [to God] (tafwīḍ), then trust (tawakkul), and finally the state of tranquil repose (sukūn) in God, Mighty and Majestic is He, in every situation. And he added:Trust is not acceptable from anyone except one who is mindful of God (muttaqī).He was asked, �What is mindfulness of God?� He replied:It is to refrain from all harm [to others] (adhā). His words, Exalted is He:
مَنْ يَشْفَعْ شَفَاعَةً حَسَنَةً يَكُنْ لَهُ نَصِيبٌ مِنْهَا ۖ وَمَنْ يَشْفَعْ شَفَاعَةً سَيِّئَةً يَكُنْ لَهُ كِفْلٌ مِنْهَا ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ مُقِيتًا
📘 �Whoever intercedes with an evil intercession will receive a share of it�That is, a portion of it. This is because it [the evil intercession] obstructs [that person�s access to] God�s good pleasure.His words, Exalted is He:
وَإِذَا حُيِّيتُمْ بِتَحِيَّةٍ فَحَيُّوا بِأَحْسَنَ مِنْهَا أَوْ رُدُّوهَا ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ حَسِيبًا
📘 When you are offered a greeting, respond with a better one, or [at least] return it�This means that you should surpass the greeting that issued [from that person] by acting with sincere friendship (naṣḥ) for God�s sake, Exalted is He. The Prophet said, �Peace (salām) is one of the names of God which He made manifest on Earth, so spread it among yourselves.� His words, Exalted is He:
۞ فَمَا لَكُمْ فِي الْمُنَافِقِينَ فِئَتَيْنِ وَاللَّهُ أَرْكَسَهُمْ بِمَا كَسَبُوا ۚ أَتُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَهْدُوا مَنْ أَضَلَّ اللَّهُ ۖ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَلَنْ تَجِدَ لَهُ سَبِيلًا
📘 �When God Himself has cast them back because of what they earned?...That is, He returned them to the state of ignorance of Him which was the natural constitution of their souls. And the Prophet also said: �Do not clean yourselves [after defecation] with bones or animal droppings, for these [undergo] a reversal�, meaning that these return from their former state to becoming the food of jinn. What, do you wish to guide him whom God has left to stray? Misguidance (iḍlāl) from God is His withdrawing His protection (ʿiṣma) [of a person] from that which is forbidden, and His withdrawing His assistance (maʿūna) [from a person] in what He has commanded. His words, Exalted is He:
إِلَّا الَّذِينَ يَصِلُونَ إِلَىٰ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِيثَاقٌ أَوْ جَاءُوكُمْ حَصِرَتْ صُدُورُهُمْ أَنْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ أَوْ يُقَاتِلُوا قَوْمَهُمْ ۚ وَلَوْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ لَسَلَّطَهُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ فَلَقَاتَلُوكُمْ ۚ فَإِنِ اعْتَزَلُوكُمْ فَلَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ وَأَلْقَوْا إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَمَ فَمَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ سَبِيلًا
📘 �Or those who come to you with their breasts constricted� That is, �They have become sick at heart because of fighting you and fighting their people, due to their love of safety, and their inclination towards their own well-being (ʿāfiya).� This refers to the Banū Madlaj. His words:
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